Prescribing in practice Essay

Introduction The following assignment will discuss and analyse a prescribing episode, within practice, furthermore will outline safe prescribing from the Nurse Prescribing Formulary (NPF, 2013-2015).To be able to analyse and reflect on my new role as Community Practitioner Nurse Prescriber (CPNP) I will use Gibbs (1988) reflective model and a structure that will allow the use of a consultation model (Appendix1,Fig1). The focus on prescribing within nursing profession was first brought into discussion by Royal College of Nursing (RCN) in 1980 but has proven to be cornerstone after was part of the government agenda as a result of Cumberlege report in 1996.This report outlined the need for nurse to become a prescriber especially in community settings to provide clients with better care, safe and practical access to medication (Nuttal, 2008). Furthermore â€Å"The Medicinal Product Prescribing Act â€Å"1992 outlined changes in circumstances including nurses as prescribers, followed by recommendati ons made by Crown Reports1999 that suggest that health visitors (HV)) should be authorised to prescribe from a limited list, identified as the nurse prescriber’s formulary (NPF). (DH,2004). Scenario For the purpose of this assignment all names has been changed to maintain confidentiality according to NMC (2008).The following scenario it is in relation to a situation experienced while on the morning baby clinic working alongside my mentor .A mother Lisa come for a regular weight check for her 4 month old infant called James .While discussing with Lisa her son weight progress ,she mentioned about her son having very dry scaly skin on scalp since birth moreover Lisa explained that sometimes skin on the scalp become like a patchy crusty rash and James feel uncomfortable , at times not settling. Edwards (2010) suggest that using a holistic assessment it is very important when coming in contact with the client as the problem presented can have a drastic impact on the quality of life for child and the family. As a student under the supervision of my mentor we started a holistic assessment of James and finalise with a prescription decision. I start by using open questions related to Jam es general health and I asked  Lisa if she had any concerns but she confirmed back to me that there was no issues with his health since birth .To make sure that information provided by Lisa was correct and I have accuracy in details exposed I repeated back and she confirmed. As a student practitioner prescriber it is very important to maintain good practice and use assessment frameworks and consultation models as possibility to improve and gain better skills(Nuttall,2008). The Consultation The purpose of the consultation model in prescribing practice is to assist nurses in identifying strategies to deliver a diagnoses and ultimately the appropriate prescription .There are various consultation models used in practice with normative or descriptive character , however for the purpose of this case scenario I will concentrate on Roger Neighbour 1987 consultation model. Moreover Neighbour (2005) outline through his model consultation as a journey divided by check points , connecting which is the first point where client establish the relation with the practitioner is essential followed by summarising, handing over, safety netting and housekeeping. To progress further it is relevant to mention influence of communication skills in consultation process furthermore considering that nurse practitioners don’t need different communication skills in comparison with other professionals prescribers (While,2002) .However(While,2002)found that the need for appropriate environment that can maintain privacy and confidentiality could be a potential barrier during consultation rather than communication especial for those working in client homes. I choose Neighbour 1987 model for consistency and easy to apply in any circumstances moreover stand as a journey establishing relations with the client through empathy and in the same time identify the need for balance between practitioner prescriber and client (Tate,2010).Another positive aspect that I took in consideration when choosing the model was also housekeeping as practitioner have the opportunity through this section to become reflective to avoid any unresolved issues before consultation is complete ( Neighbour,2005) .Despite the decision made to use Neighbour 1987 model I will move further and explain the process and prescribing decision using the principles of good prescribing pyramid ,( Appendix 1, Fig 2)(NPC,1999). Step 1 Assessment; Consider the patient The beginning of consultation according to Neighbour,(1987) is connecting with Lisa and building a relationship ,however in a noisy environment like the clinic I found this difficult .Despite this barrier I manage to find a sitting area that appear to be more private and had the opportunity to manage a discussion with Lisa to establish that I needed to do a physical examination on James .As James was under 16 years of age ,consent from parent or guardian was needed ,therefore Lisa give a verbal consent as she was the biological parent (NMC,2013).To proceed further I use mnemonic OLDCARD to asses James with Lisa’s assistance trying to interact with her and find out if any physical or affective changes occurred. Bryans (2000) suggest that during assessment the practitioner should use knowledge, experience, recognition and prioritisation ,so to proceed further with a holistic assessment and identify symptoms that will help me to rule a diagnosis I felt I needed to ask Lisa more questions .Following the identified symptoms and physical examination I conclude that this was cradle cap a form of seborrheic dermatitis mainly affecting skin on the scalp with patches and thick scaling and sometimes yellow crusty (Sheffield et al,2007).It is important to rule out other conditions when taking assessments as sometimes cradle cap can turn into atopic dermatitis or fungal infection such as tinea capitis or easily misdiagnosed with crusted scabies (Yoshizumi and Harada,2008).Further continuing my assessment I was able to conclude that none of this conditions were present in James situation . It was important to discuss with Lisa during consultation family history that could provide additional support for my final diagnostic conclusion .Going thru such topic area Lisa explain that her husband James dad was suffering with atopic eczema since childhood .This was quite an important piece of information as such conditions like atopic eczema ( dermatitis ) are hereditary conditions often (National Eczema Society ,2011).Atopic dermatitis or eczema is a chronic skin disorder inflammatory with pruritic skin that appears mostly on the face ,neck ,bends of the arms or legs caused by the malfunction in the skin barrier( NICE,2013). Step 2 Which Strategy? In order to progress further following discussion with Lisa under my mentor supervision as a CPNP V100 I made a prescribing decision based on the physical examination and the information provided I concluded that James was suffering from cradle cup (seborrheic dermatitis)(NICE,2013).Furthermore Lisa confirmed that James did not have any allergies and was not on any medication .It was important to relieve the discomfort and unsettling times for James and I decided to prescribe an emollient and a bath additive. Pendleton et al (1984) suggest that practitioner should discover client expectation furthermore should take in consideration other treatment options before prescribing .According to NICE (2013) greasy emollients and soap substitutes or bath additive helps to remove effectively the scales, further more regular washing of the scalp and gentle brushing can help to loosen scales. Another stage followed in the Neighbour (1987) is handing over period but after Justin skin on his scalp was carefully examined no evidence of infection was identified so no referral to the General Practitioner (GP) was necessary. Consider the choice of Product According to NPC (1999) practitioners should use mnemonic ‘EASE’ as can be seen in the chart below to choose appropriate cost effective product for clients. E How effective is the product? A It is appropriate for the client? S How safe is it? E Is the prescription cost effective? To make the appropriate decision for Lisa’s infant, under the supervision of my mentor I used the Nurse Prescribers Formulary (NPF) and decided to  prescribe Oilatum Junior bath additive and cream as I considered this combination more effective in Justin’s treatment .Moreover the packaging was also appropriate as comes in a pump action and this could reduce the infection risks associated with emollients and types of recipients manufactured (NPF,2013-2015). When deciding the prescription products and quantities I also took in consideration Lisa requirements furthermore according to NICE guidelines emollients should be prescribe in large quantities approximately 250-500 grams per week and in the same time cost effective (NICE,2007).It is important when prescribing emollients to discuss with clients /parents /carers possible side effects even this products are considered to be quite safe ,however bath additives should be taken in consideration because tend to leave the s kin slippery after bathing the infant( BNFC,2014) .When prescribing a product especially for infants it is important to educate the parent/carer how to use the product and make sure they are aware of any risks and side effects . Negotiate a contract According to (Courtenay and Griffiths,2005) when prescribing we should view the process as a shared decision-making between client and prescriber .The prescribing decision stands as a contract so it was important to remind myself that I should take in consideration Lisa satisfaction with my decisions .To achieve all my actions it was paramount to have effective communication skills and ability to identify the appropriate therapeutic treatment .Throughout entire process I think that Lisa felt empowered as I hand it over to her the responsibility to apply the emollients on Justin skin ( Braid,2001).As I am not yet non-medical prescriber the prescription for Lisa’s son was written by my mentor and information leaflets regarding seborreic dermatitis were given to Lisa for further guidance. Review According to Neighbour (1987) consultation model this step relates to safety netting and refers to follow up of the consultation and possible outcomes. Furthermore together with my mentor we arranged to follow up in ten days to see if Lisa’s infant was making any progress and treatment was effective .Through this review in ten day time practitioner can identify any more concerns of the parents and possible side effects of the treatment used(  DH,2010b). Record Keeping Following guidance of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC,2006) it is practitioner accountability to ensure records are maintain accurately and prescription details it is recorded in the infant health record (NPC,1999).Moreover I ensured the details of the prescription and the consultation were entered into general computer system within the next 4 hours following consultation and the GP also was aware of the consultation and products prescribed .According to (NMC,2006) details of the consultation and prescription should be entered into the computer system within forty eight hours with exception for special circumstances. Reflection Using Gibbs reflective cycle during consultation process with Lisa’s infant I had the opportunity to identify positive and negative aspects and reflect on the scenario. In the same time final part of Neighbours consultation model refers to Housekeeping and this stands as another stage that give me the opportunity to reflect on my prescribing decision and consultation .I felt that throughout the whole process I used safe and effective decisions even at times I felt a bit nervous however my mentor feedback was positive in regards to my performance .One aspect that I found difficult was the environment ,at the time the baby clinic was busy and noisy and it was difficult to find a private area to conduct the consultation ,but such issues I could reflect on it for my future prescribing practice . Conclusion Through this experience I able to develop on my new role as V100 prescriber using specific tools like the consultation model and good prescribing steps .Furthermore I had the opportunity to apply appropriate communication skills and medical knowledge along with the legislation to conclude with a safe and effective prescribing practice . A new CPNP I can utilize different assessment tools based on a consultation model along with a decision making framework to support my practice and at the same time reflect on my ability to undertake a partnership approach that responds to client needs and concerns. Definitely this experience has been with great importance for my educational journey as V100 nurse prescriber. Reference: Baird, A., (2001) Diagnoses and prescribing .Primary Healthcare 11(5):24-26. Bryans, A., 2000. ‘Providing new insight into community nursing know-how through Qualitative analysis of multiple data sets of simulation data’. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 1: 79-89. Courtenay, M., Griffiths, M., (2005) Independent and Supplementary Prescribing-An Essential Guide, Cambridge University Press. Department of Health (2004) Extending Independent Nurse Prescribing within the NHS in England. London: The Stationery Office. Department of Health (2010b) Nurse Prescribing FAQ, http://tinyurl.com/367d5zx [Accessed on 20 April 2014]. Neighbour, R., (1987).The Inner Consultation: How to Develop an Effective and Intuitive Consulting Style, Lancaster: MPT Press. Neighbour, R., (2005) The Inner Consultation: How to Develop an Effective and Intuitive Consulting Style, Second Edition: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd National Institute for Clinical Excellence,(2013) Seborrhoeic dermatitis. Available on line http://cks.nice.org.uk/seborrhoeic-dermatitis [ Accessed on 20 April 2014] National Prescribing Centre (1999) Signposts for prescribing nurses-general principles of good prescribing .Prescribing Nurse Buletin1.National Prescribing Centre, Liverpool Nursing and Midwifery Council (2006)Standards of proficiency for nurse and midwife prescribers. Nursing and Midwifery Council. London Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Guidance for continuing professional development for nurse and midwife prescribers. NMC Circular 10/2008. Nuttall, D.,(2008).Introducing Public Health to Prescribing Practice .Nurse Prescribing 6(7):299-305. Pendleton, D., Schofield, T., Tate, P., (1984). The Consultation: An Approach to Learning and Teaching .Oxford: Oxford University Press. While, A.,(2002).Practical skills: prescribing consultation in practice. British Journal of Community Nursing 7(9):469-473. Yoshizumi, J., Harada, T.,(2008) ‘Wake sign’: an important clue for the diagnosis of scabies. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology (34)6 p 711-714.

Jean Paul Sartre Essay

For Jean Paul Sartre, existence meant to become progressively more individualistic (Sartre, 175). Sartre believed this individualistic existence caused everyone to travel along a path toward self-realization and this process, he noted, had three stages. These stages being, Ethical, Religious and Aesthetic, as â€Å"All human beings are currently at one of this stages, depending on the extent to which they have achieved their life-project (Sartre, 175). † By more individualistic, Kiekega means that through each stage individual gain a higher understanding of self than they had before and it is through the privileged perspective provided by the assessment of and graduation from the previous stage that allows the person to attain this new form of self. Sartre goes on to further note that, â€Å"Each stage is a way of seeing life, a way of understanding the world. They are different ways of living out one’s existence, independent spheres of life, situations which embody a certain stability. Living fully in the aesthetic sphere will never lead to the ethical one, and the upholding of ethics will never open the door to religion. † He closes by pointing out that no one stage can completely dominate and individual’s life and if one were to allows this to happen they would stay stagnant and not progress through the stages. The first stage of Sartre’s progression of existential stages is aesthetics recognized as the ‘immersion in sensuous experience; valorization of possibility over actuality; egotism; fragmentation of the subject of experience; nihilistic wielding of irony and skepticism; and flight from boredom (Stanford, p1). † This stage of existence is a very selfish one that involves excessive self-indulgence. Sartre refers to temptation and the appreciation and distraction of beauty a lot in this section. Ethics in Sartre’s work has more than one meaning, â€Å"It is used to denote both: (i) a limited existential sphere, or stage, which is superseded by the higher stage of the religious life; and (ii) an aspect of life which is retained even within the religious life (Stanford, p1). † This is basically the stage where one starts to asses their life and view themselves objectively. It is recognized as the stage of reasoning this stage is ‘limited’ in that it is the stage that comes before the religious stage, but it is retained within the religious stage in that the traits used in the ethical stage must also be used to make the valuable choices in the religious stage. Ultimately the final obligation to transition from Ethics into the religious stage is to completely relinquish one’s reliance on reason for one’s trust in faith. The final stage of existence that Sartre recognizes is the stage of Religion, and specifically Christianity. Sartre believed the most important aspect of this stage, and in life in general, was faith and the passion one has for being morally responsible. It is also in this stage that Sartre stresses the value of choice. As noted, â€Å"Anxiety is a two-sided emotion: on one side is the dread burden of choosing for eternity; on the other side is the exhilaration of freedom in choosing oneself. Choice occurs in the instant, which is the point at which time and eternity intersect — for the individual creates through temporal choice a self which will be judged for eternity (Stanford, p1). † Here we see the concept of self changing once again and the self that was once perceived objectively with eyes looking from the Ethical stage onto the aesthetic stage from a more intellectual position, now in the religious stage is much more spiritual. Aesthetics/Ethics It is through the stage of ethics that aesthetics is recognized for its shallow and delusional ways. â€Å"This type of aestheticism is criticized from the point of view of ethics. It is seen to be emptily self-serving and escapist. It is a despairing means of avoiding commitment and responsibility (Stanford, p1). † Despite the selfish nature of the aesthetic stage Keirkegaard does not completely disregard its value, he recognizes that the aesthetic stage of existence is what makes the higher stages of existence necessary. This can specifically been seen with the transitional relationship between the aesthetic stage and the ethical stage. The stages work together by canceling each other out within other stages. For example, it’s noted in Sartre’s pseudo-dialectic that â€Å"the aesthetic and the ethical are both annulled and preserved in their synthesis in the religious stage. † This is how the transition between the ethical and the religious stage comes about in that the religious stage encompasses room for both previous stages within its borders. Descartes like Sartre is a highly respected philosophical thinker. His most famous work Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations On First Philosophy). Published in 1641, poses the main argument that â€Å"Every belief based on the senses (beliefs about the external world) is such that we could conceive it to be false (Descartes, p1). † By the external world being debatable, then one is forced to contemplate and examine the existence of reality. This closely relates to Sartre’s’s concept that the aesthetic stage can only be assessed from the ethical stage. Descartes adopts the ideal that one can only know they exist for sure through the process of examination one’s life through thought, because the existence of one’s thoughts is undeniable and not debatable. I can relate to Sartre’s ideas in that they are universal and applicable to every individual. The main concept they teach is the value of moderation. The fact that no one stage can on its own dominate one’s life completely. The religious stage is not at all relevant in one’s life without the conflict drawn from the clash between the aesthetic and the ethical. Without the aesthetic there is no need to stop outside of one’s own pursuit of personal pleasure to become self-aware, and without this reasoning one c an never become aware of the choices available to them to achieve salvation in the religious stage. I do think since Sartre was such a proponent of the Christian faith, there is no reason why his thinking can’t be promoted more in the church. For the most part many Christian churches avoid this type of in depth assessment as it pertains to individual growth. In sum, Sartre’s philosophies have stood the test of time because they are still applicable. His work pays homage to Descartes, as well as Socrates, who both promote the importance of the examined life. Walking through one’s life blindly only in the pursuit of meager pleasures or even over analyzing one’s every experience without fully embracing the moment, both can be detrimental to the value of one’s existence. Sartre, like many of the philosophers before him, has setup a model that all individuals can live by, and each stage feeds off the one prior. In addition to teaching that there is a value in our actions, Sartre also proves that there is a path to better understanding of one’s self through the constant self-evalutions of those actions. Work Cited SARTRE, S. , La maladie a la mort, in Oeuvres Completes, Editions de L’Orante, Paris, 1984, vol. 16, p. 175. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy â€Å"Jean Paul Sartre† First published Tue Dec 3, 1996; substantive revision Fri May 8, 2009 (Stanford, 2009)

Pride and Prejudice: Literary Criticism

When asking typical child who their hero or heroine is, a common answer would be Superman, Batman, or Cat Woman. To these kids, a hero is defined as someone with extraordinary physical strength and the bravery to fight any villain, such as the Joker, without any personal benefit or reward. Although their view of a hero is very childish and uninformed, they are in a way correct. Although a hero may not always need to physically battle villains, they must have emotional strength, bravery, and perseverance to overcome whatever troubles their respective villain brings forward. In the novel, Pride and Prejudice, author Jane Austen portrays her view of heroes, heroines, and villains in a satirically love story. Andrew H. Wright has written a literary criticism essay, titled â€Å"Heroines, Heroes, and Villains in Pride and Prejudice†, in which he states his opinion of Austen’s purpose. Although critic Andrew H. Wright states that some people are simply destined to be heroes, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen features characters that are capable of overcoming their own weaknesses that rise as heroes due to their own perseverance and those who interfere with a potential-hero’s progress become villains. Although Andrew H. Wright dismisses this key point Austen makes, Pride and Prejudice introduces characters that are able to overcome their own flaws that rise as heroes. First off, Wright states how he believes Elizabeth to be the heroine of the story. In the first paragraph he quickly states: â€Å"Elizabeth is definitely the heroine: not only does she explicitly represent one of the words of the title of the story; she quite thoroughly dominates the action† (Wright 97). Wright misinterprets the reason that Elizabeth is a heroine. It’s true that Elizabeth dominates the action throughout, though that is only a result of being the main character. By no means is her development as a character influenced by the number of mentions she receives in the novel. On another note, Wright is incorrect in saying that Elizabeth only represents one of the words of the title of the story, as Austen intends her to represent both. An example of this occurs when Darcy proposes to Elizabeth: â€Å"Elizabeth’s astonishment was beyond impression†¦he was not more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of pride. His sense of her inferiority-of its being a degradation-of the family obstacles† (Austen 185). This quote is a rime example of how many interpret the title of Pride and Prejudice, believing that Darcy is intended to be the â€Å"pride† and Elizabeth is intended to be the â€Å"prejudice†. In actuality, both characters exhibit both of the traits. In observing Darcy’s excessive pride, Elizabeth is very prejudiced. In disgust with Darcy’s proposal, Elizabeth goes onto say that: â€Å"From the very beginning, from the very first moment I may almost say, of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others† (Austen 188). Elizabeth’s nasty comment about Darcy confirms that she, before even getting to know Mr. Darcy, deems him as snobbish, showing her prejudice. Darcy is very prejudiced in making judgments on Elizabeth based on her family and wealth. An example of Darcy’s prejudice occurs when Elizabeth rejects his first proposal: â€Å"I did everything in my power to separate my friend from your sister, or that I rejoice in my success† (Austen 187). Darcy believes that by separating Mr. Bingley from Jane, he is doing what is best for his friend. It should not be Darcy’s concern to be involved in his friend’s relationship, and Mr. Bingley should know what is best for himself. Wright is misguided in saying that Elizabeth only represents only one of the words in the title, thus making her the heroine, when Darcy and Elizabeth represent both these characteristics. Elizabeth ultimately overcomes her own flaws and is able to be happily with Darcy, yet she first had to deal with villainous characters. The villains in Pride and Prejudice disrupt a potential-hero’s progress, yet this is misinterpreted by Wright. Once again, Andrew H. Wright understands what the basic theme Jane Austen intends to share, but he misunderstands the reason why it is true. In his critical essay, Wright discusses: â€Å"George Wickham is at once the most plausible and the most villainous of Jane Austen’s anti-heroes: he is handsome, persuasive, personable† (Wright 108). Indeed, this is all true, yet not once does Wright mention why Wickham is a villain, other than the fact that Elizabeth was attracted to him. Wright ignores the fact that Wickham is a sick man because of what happened with Darcy’s sister. In the novel, Darcy reveals to Elizabeth in his letter: â€Å"Mr. Wickham's chief object was unquestionably my sister's fortune, which is thirty thousand pounds; but I cannot help supposing that the hope of revenging himself on me was a strong inducement† (Austen 196). Without a doubt, Wickham interferes with Elizabeth’s marriage with Mr. Darcy to entertain himself and bother Darcy. Elizabeth’s chances of realizing her inevitable love for Darcy are this delayed. It is important to note that perhaps Elizabeth expresses feelings at first for Wickham’s character, described a handsome and personable, because of her prejudice. At Meryton, Elizabeth first observes Wickham as beyond all the other officers â€Å"in person, countenance, air, and walk† (Austen 75). Elizabeth notices him to be different from the other officers, and associates him positively because he is an officer. Wickham’s irresistible characteristics attract Elizabeth away from Darcy because her prejudice forces her to dismiss any chance at him being flawed upon first meeting him. The final reason Wickham is a villainous character is because of his elopement with Lydia, leading to a misunderstanding between Elizabeth and Darcy. As Elizabeth tells Darcy of her discovery of Wickham and Lydia’s elopement, Darcy begins â€Å"walking up and down the room in earnest meditation; his brow contracted, his air gloomy. Elizabeth soon observed and instantly understood it. Her power was sinking; every thing must sink under such a proof of family weakness, such an assurance of the deepest disgrace. (Austen 264). Elizabeth greatly misunderstands this situation thinking that Darcy leaves because he no longer wants to be connected with the family’s suddenly poor social status. In actuality, Darcy is going to London to fix the situation for the Bennet family. Due to this misunderstanding, Elizabeth assumes that Darcy is no longer interested in her. Wickham’s villainous act of running off with Lydia causes great trouble for Elizabeth, separating her from Da rcy and causing great worry about her social status. Wright only acknowledges Wickham’s villainy for being attractive and simply another relationship for Elizabeth, and not for one which interrupts her inevitable relationship with Darcy. As shown in Pride and Prejudice villains are a blocking force of a potential-hero’s progress. Even though critic Andrew H. Wright believes that some people are simply destined to be heroes, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen features characters that are capable of overcoming their own weaknesses that rise as heroes due to their own perseverance and those who interfere with a otential-hero’s progress become villains. Elizabeth Bennet outlines Austen’s definition of a hero, as Wickham does as a villain. Through the tough times brought upon her by villains, and her own weaknesses which she must overcome, Elizabeth becomes Austen’s definition of a hero by overcoming her weaknesses. Her prejudice and excessive pride are the qualities which lead her to trouble and confusion in her relationship with Darcy. It is clear why Austen first titled the novel First Impressions, because as this story’s heroine learns, they can be quite deceiving.

Safe medication administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safe medication administration - Research Paper Example 61). Together, these safety measures reduce risk of medication errors, yet, these do not fully address the complexity of human factor in the error. Although addressing medication errors through modern clinical technologies are appropriate parameters in patient safety, priority must be centered on correcting internal culture in clinical practice that cradles medication errors into a communicating environment that promotes early correction of errors through voluntary reporting of underlying error sources. Concept Similarities The act of committing any form of mistakes in clinical set-up generates much concern as single mistake can possibly lead to worse conditions and death. As noted by Vogelsmeier, Scott-Cawiezell, and Zellmer (2007, p. 8), a number of factors hinder to safe medication execution, from â€Å"prescribing, documenting, dispensing, administering, and monitoring.† In all functional categories, poor communication patterns commonly appeared in every level. Even in dou ble-checking medication before administration, communication problems may still occur. Collaborative partnership against error is deferred as junior nurses shies from questioning senior nurses on faulty medication strategies, compounded when two colleagues deviate to personal topics during medication checking and when automatic nursing processes reject further analysis of rechecking drug concepts (Armitage, 2007). As Brous (2008) agreed, communication needs improvement in actual practice, and added that nursing knowledge and skill competencies, as well as staffing issues, should be enhanced in an organizational environment that nurtures culture of safety against errors. Communication, among other stressors, drive nurses to enhanced vulnerability, but this is only a portion of man’s naturally limiting capabilities. Distinctions Revealed A number of potential solutions have been introduced that promises to minimally lessen, if not eliminate, human errors in professionally distr ibuting pharmacological agents. On a traditional way, Dennison (2007) promoted technologically-enhanced strategy of educational training in safe medications, measured through practical improvements in performing â€Å"smart† pumps in medication infusion. As administration phase occupies majority of medication errors, technological creations have been introduced to intercept functional mistakes. For DeYoung, Vanderkool, and Barletta (2009, p. 1111), adverse pharmacological events can be reduced by â€Å"bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA),† utilized specifically at the bedside to verify and remind nurses of former medication activities and necessary drug care. Errors are, thereby, prevented as nurses are made aware of correct medication procedures for individual patients prior to actual administration. On a different level, supportive infusion pumps system benefits nurses in three ways; reduces worries on dosage miscalculations, boosts confidence in accur ately delivering infusion agents, and lightens medication workload (Rosenkoetter, et al., 2008). Functions in efficiently distributing medications are performed, and all nurses have to do is monitor it for possible malfunction. In another technological system, â€Å"

Prohibited and restricted imports on meat to EU Essay

Prohibited and restricted imports on meat to EU - Essay Example Top-notch advisors have been appointed by the EU to work on policy formulation pertaining to import of meat. Moreover, market researchers have also been assigned the task of understanding consumers’ preferences for meat coming from Non-EU countries. This is because, by understanding consumer preferences, the EU aims at developing infrastructure that would ensure delivery of similar quality and taste of meat to their nation, as do the meat coming from Non-EU countries (Phyper, Ducas and Baish 260). Under the Regulation 765/2008 of EU, the importers of meat from Non-EU state are required to adopt a placement strategy that protects the meat from viruses and disease, if any, in the ecological environment. Moreover, EU provides levies on duties and taxes, in order to ensure that the pricing strategy adopted by the meat importers does not influence the purchasing behavior of the consumers (Goldmann 86-89). The department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine is responsible to ensure t hat it dissects the true identity of the meat importers and their previous business record, just to ensure that there is no corruption or compromise on meat quality found in their business practices. If the department founds any discrepancy in the past record of meat importer or found bad quality product, it is empowered to cancel the license of the importer right away and prevent that the importer from placing the product in any market within the region (Thies 8-11). General marketing standards are also implied on the import of meat from Non-EU states, which requires an importer to conduct its marketing activities keeping in view the social and cultural differences. Moreover, the importer is also required to abide by the industry wide rules and regulations about ethical and healthy competition. If the importer (s) is found to be engaged in carrying out marketing activities that damages interest of competitors and other stakeholders, the EU has the power to cancel importer’s license without prior notice. Moreover, importers of the meat from Non-EU countries are also prohibited from form industrial curtail, just to ensure that synthetic increment in prices does not take place. The promotional campaigns of exported meat are required to be exhibiting health and safety standards that are kept in view, well before consumers purchase it. In addition, advertisements should also contain the approval seal of Department of Health and Safety of EU so that consumers may purchase it freely and without any concerns about its quality. The Department of Health and Safety carries out test of imported meat on time-to-time basis, just to ensure that quality and taste is not compromised at any stage (European Commission). In order to fulfill the legal requirements of importing meat from Non-EU states, the importers must meet following criteria: 1. The imported meat should contain the seal of conformity certificate issued by the Department of Health and Food Safety and Depa rtment of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. 2. The place where the product is going to be offered to the product should not be located near waste management centers and near rivers. This is because, these areas are the one where most of the diseases are born. 3. The price of the imported meat offered to consumers in EU is subjective to the Price Control Authority of EU, just to ensure t

Watch the movie and follow questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Watch the movie and follow questions - Essay Example behaviour, the entire vicinity proves to express a lot of concern for Lars until he finds his new love Bianca who is not human but just a life-size doll that became known to him through a co-worker. Definitely, this kind of a friend is unusual and unreal, but even with that the entire family and the village so to say seems to be happy with Lars decision to live happily with a doll. Out of all characters performing this movie, it is only Gus, Lars’ brother who looks afraid of what other people would say about his brother’s inanimate relationship with a doll; otherwise, all others encourage Lars, including Dagmar the family doctor (Schwartzberg 110-1) What I find most interesting in the movie is the realism in the almost impossible affair that exists between Lars Lindstrom and the life-size doll Bianca. At first, we as the audience look at it as if it is impossibility and it would never happen that a real human would actually fall in love with a doll and actually treat it as a real human girlfriend. To make matters even more interesting, Lars’ acted confidence is able to convince almost everyone that Bianca was his only beloved friend and deserved to be treated with uttermost love, care and attention. Despite some doubt at the beginning, Gus, his brother buys into this idea to join a large number of other individuals in the village that preceded him in acknowledging the existence of at list a friend in the lonely life of Lars. What makes it even more interesting is the perspective and reasoning behind all the villagers and well-wishers that commented about the new relationship between Bianca the life-size doll and Lars the lonely worker. Their reasoning was all that really mattered at that particular time was the fact that finally Lars had a friend and could afford to have a smile on his cheeks; the rest they left to God. Finally, as I was watching the movie there is the aspect of Godliness that I find provocative in the way this aspect has been portrayed.

Chain-growth polymerization reactions Lab Report

Chain-growth polymerization reactions - Lab Report Example Chain growth polymerization occurs in distinctive steps. The first step involves chain initiation in which an initiator commences the chemical process. The next step involves chain elongation followed by chain transfer. Chain transfer concludes the chain after which the active site is moved to the new chain. Polymers, solvents and monomers can facilitate this. This processes leads to an increase in the branching of the ensuing polymer. Chain termination occurs as the last step through disproportion or combination. Termination in fundamental polymerization occurs when free radicals combine. The active center for a chain growth polymerization can assume the state of a free radical in the corresponding polymerization. Radical polymerization in this case involves the successive addition of radical building blocks. This can occur through several mechanisms, which involve different initiator molecules (Wünsch 131). After the generation process, the initiating radical adds monomer units, which leads to the growth of the polymer. Chain growth polymerization such as radical polymerization reactions leads to the generation of different material composites and polymers. Radical polymerization involves different initiators such as thermal decomposition in which the bond is homolytically cleaved leading to the production of two radicals. Photolysis involves the use of radiation in cleaving bonds homolytically. The initiation step is followed by the propagation in which the polymer increases its chain length. The termination process follows unless the reaction has contaminants, which can contribute to the addition of monomers (Richardson, and Erik 92). Chain transfer occurs as the last step, which leads to the destruction of a radical and construction of another radical. However, the new radical usually does not have propagation capabilities. Chain growth polymerization leads to the formation of an elevated molecular weight polymer at low conversion. In this case, the

Irish Taxation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Irish Taxation - Assignment Example This paper assesses the extent to which these tax measures are equitable. It also argues the ease of implementation of the measures. In addition, it discusses the societal and economic impact of the tax measures on the growth and development of Ireland. The budget states that the rates of tax for tobacco products will increase to 40 cents. This is inclusive of VAT and applies to the packet that has 20 cigarettes. The increase is in the popular category of prices and the VAT on other tobacco products to increase on a pro rata basis. The packet that weighs 25 grams will have an increase of 20 cents that is an inclusive figure of the VAT. This measure will increase the minimum rate of the Tobacco Products Rate. This tax measure has significant implications to the Irish government. The increase in tobacco taxes is an effective measure to ensure the reduction of tobacco use. This results in a decrease of the number of deaths due to the excessive use of tobacco (Cremins & Brien, 2005). From this perspective, the increase in taxes could be an equitable measure for the societal concerns. This is also evident in that the Irish government would use the revenues from such taxation to increase awareness of the negative effects of excessive use of tobacco. However, the increase is not an equitable measure of the tobacco users. It could lead to an increase in the use of illicit tobacco products due to the inability to afford legit products. The implementation of the tax measures would depend on the effectiveness of the taxation systems in Ireland. The market for the products could be hesitant to buy the products, as they will be expensive. This would decrease the revenue accrued from the purchase of the products. The country needs to develop comprehensive taxation systems that monitor the rates of tobacco taxation from the manufacturer to the retailer. The Irish government could have challenges in the

Job Redesign and Workplace Rewards Assessment Essay

Job Redesign and Workplace Rewards Assessment - Essay Example It is up to the staff to see how creatively the problem is tackled. The heads or the superiors are not involved and do not intervene unless the solution to be provided is beyond the staff. As such there is minimal intervention. At the same time guidance is provide by the superiors when required. The staff is free to seek information as and when required. Also, the staff is free to tackle complex tasks on its own, even where superior guidance is required. At the same time, the staff is also free to develop new skills on its own. All these self management practices prove to be a motivating factor for the personnel. Since the staff can creatively tackle the queries, they are motivated to do better each time. Similarly minimal intervention by the heads makes them feel trusted and competent. At the same time the opportunity to develop new skills satisfies there internal urge for education. As pointed out below, "Self-managing employees require less oversight, so they improve productivity by reducing the need for continuous supervision. But that's just the beginning. By seeking out opportunities for growth and professional development, self-managing employees foster an environment of creative problem-solving, innovation, and personal accountability that strengthens the organization's strategic advantage. Although you can't train your employees to manage themselves, you can cultivate an environment conducive to self-management through support, recognition, and rewards for employees who take initiative and exhibit self-discipline" (Shauf, 2007). However, there is one practice that works against the motivational element. That is, the principal duties of the staff are segregated. The personnel handling the client queries are prevented from carrying out the back operations of the organization. As such even if a member of the staff is knowledgeable about both the functions of the department, he is not allowed to exercise his opinion. This sometimes makes some members of the staff distrusted. This necessarily works against intrinsic motivation for the job. Similarly, as far as hiring of new members is concerned, the heads or the staff is only partially consulted. They do not have a final say in hiring the staff. This is also an important element where the personnel feel unworthy. Rewards and Motivation "Jack Zigon defines rewards as 'something than increases the frequency of an employee action' (1998). This definition points to an obvious

The Digestive System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Digestive System - Coursework Example Recently regenerative medicine has become a fact in science and used in areas of cell therapies in advancement of cardiac stem cells to improve hearts function due to heart failures. In addition, it is used in tissue engineering in growing organs such as cartilage, bladders, skin, urine tubes, blood vessels and trachea in the lab and implanted in human beings. In the talk, Ted highlights how Institute of Regenerative Medicine is working on the replacement of organs and tissues and cell therapies. He shows how the human kidney can be engineered and how solid organs such as the kidney, liver, pancreas, and the heart holy grails foe conducting tissue engineering. He demonstrates how a 3-D printing technology is used to concrete structures such as the kidney and structured tissues like the ear. Additionally, he outlines how to use the patient data, for instance, a CT scan in creating a computer model of the organ that is to undergo printing. It is the model that guides in printing a replacement organ layer by layer. These replacement organs are made up of cells and other biomaterials that help in holding the cells

Business of Being Born Essay Example for Free

Business of Being Born Essay There is a culture of â€Å"women-only† that runs rampant in spaces for pregnant women. Much of the talk is about how valuable women find the support of other women. It also excludes men from the process and experience of pregnancy, as much as they can experience it. Overall the film focuses on the fact that women have been told they’re not responsible for their birth. Katsi Cook, a Mohawk women and Native women’s health activist said she â€Å"believes that the relationship of trust and respect between a woman and her midwife empowers the woman to ask questions and obtain the information she needs to make real choices about her health and life. (The Mother’s Milk Project, 611) In the film, Ricki Lake wanted to explore women’s â€Å"rite of passage,† by giving the power back to the women. There’s this idea since hospitals are a business that once they â€Å"facilitate† an intervention has been started and it becomes a domino effect after that. When these interventions have started, the questions: â€Å"what’s best for the baby? † â€Å"Is the baby going to benefit from this or not? † need to be well thought out. According to Overview of Maternity, â€Å"medical evidence shows that the routine use of unnecessary interventions put mothers and babies at risk. In the film Marsden Wagner M. D. , stated that there is no history of worthy obstetrical practices and careful studies of the long-term effects of the interventions. The United States has gotten away from midwifery starting in 1955, only 1% of births took place at home. The culture shift portrayed midwives as â€Å"vestige of the old country. † Midwives were understood as dirty, ignorant and illiterate. Now midwives are often perceived as unprepared. Once doctors started graduating from medical school, business took over the birthing process. Births then went into the hospitals and midwives did not follow. The concept of normal changed. Midwives often lack available and affordable malpractice insurance; because of this midwives are then perceived â€Å"inferior† to physicians. Overview of Maternity states â€Å"Midwives recognize birth as a normal, natural process and support the use of less invasive techniques, such as position changes, waiting, hydrotherapy, and perinatal support, that carry fewer risks to mothers and babies and are usually more effective. † Another effect the culture has on the lack of midwives is when the culture as a whole insinuates that birth s scary and dangerous. Yes, there will always be some sort of risks when it comes to birth. However, that is where I believe technology has had a positive effect on birth. More than less, we are now able to detect the dangers ahead of time. The film associates the amount of trust we put into hospitals and technology is reflected upon our infant-mortality rate. Our neonatal statistics are not the greatest. In the film midwives and hospitals are not looked to blame. It is our diverse population that distorts those statistics in where we stand in the world. The argument presented in this film to revitalize midwifery focused generally on the idea of pain suffered during birth was the only way to feel accomplished and provide love for their baby. However, I completely disagree. Women that undergo C-sections and even families that adopt can have the same amount of love for their children as the women that endure pain during birth do. Normal births are not medical issues, yet they may turn into life threatening issues within seconds. Not all women are the same, they have different difficulties, and some even have disabilities that impact their birthing process. Which then increases the risks. According to Overview of Maternity, â€Å"Research shows that midwives are the safest birth attendants for most women, with lower infant and maternal mortality rates and fewer invasive interventions such as episiotomies and surgical births (cesareans). † Optimum outcome of the mother and child is based on how open to suggestions we are with midwives and patient satisfaction. The validity of your options must always be questioned. The safety of the birthing process is going to vary depending on the training, patient choice, and circumstances on geographical constraints.

Impact Hammurabis Code of Laws and Egyptians Be Human Essay Example for Free

Impact Hammurabis Code of Laws and Egyptians Be Human Essay Select a minimum of TWO [2] primary-source documents [easier if a contrast] from the list on Blackboard HICC 101 course package as a basis to answer the central questions listed below. In other words, answer the question using evidence from what the authors at the time thought about these issues. Always clearly state your idea first, and then quote from the source. REMEMBER: the term â€Å"quote† should be restricted to a verb form. You are quoting the text, but if you refer to the text, don’t say â€Å"In this quote†; refer to the â€Å"statement† or â€Å"text. † All quotations from the primary sources must state the author’s last name (or title of book) and page number in parentheses directly following the quote. You will need to quote the most significant passages in order to support your claims. Keep the length of all quotations to a minimum, and make certain that you interpret and point out the meaning of the text [texts are never obvious]. Quote only what you can explain: quotations are only evidence for the points you already make! In order to reflect on a document you will have to quote it several times. Never quote your professor or class notes; they only teach you the material so you can find evidence in published texts, like your text book, which you can choose to quote in a limited way, but is not necessary. This assignment is your analysis of the primary sources (thus: never begin or end a paragraph with a quotation), and always interpret and explain the quotation in light of the idea that you have made. A good paragraph (in a nut shell) has one central idea, the idea is explained, then evidence is suggested (quote), then interpretation, then conclusion of the idea. Primary Source paper #1 reflect on any of the material in Units I, II, III. Central Question: How did civilizations in the ancient world view humanity? What did it mean to be human? Compare and contrast at least two different civilizations (i.e. Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Greek, or Roman). Primary Source paper #2 reflect on any of the material in Units IV, V. Central Question: How did Christians in the European West [AD 200-1600] develop the Catholic intellectual tradition? How did they balance the wisdom from Greco-Roman thought with Christian theology, and what balance was developed between faith and reason? Compare and contrast an author from the early medieval period (any Christian thinkers before 1000 AD) with an author from the high Middle Ages or Renaissance period (after 1000 AD). Primary Source paper #3 reflect on any of the material in Units VI on China. Central question: What did Chinese authors [1500 BC- AD 220] think was necessary to forge a more just society for the common good? Compare and contrast two different authors. You may refer to some of the authors in Units I-V to compare and contrast, but most of the paper should be reflecting on Chinese authors

Organizational Structure And Function Of Johnson Johnson Commerce Essay

Organizational Structure And Function Of Johnson Johnson Commerce Essay Like other multinational companies, Johnson Johnson had form functional type of structure during its first operation. As the company went into globally and involved in complex products operation, Johnson Johnson formed a divisional organization structure for better control and coordination. The structure at Johnson Johnson consists of 180 separate operating units, including McNeil Consumer Products, makers of Tylenol; Ortho Pharmaceuticals, which makes Retin-A and birth control pills; and J J Consumer Product, the company that brings us Johnsons Baby Shampoo and Band Aids, each  division  is a separately chartered and Johnson Johnson Family Headquarters will oversees all the operations. This decentralized structure of organization allows the employees to develop themselve in the company. It is also helps in innovation which allows the employees use their skills and knowledge effectively to bring together different products and technologies to meet with the customer demands. A good strategy also will be constructed as a feedback to customer and market issues arose in each division. Usually, Johnson Johnson companies around the world are coordinated by local people in particular country because they can understand the needs in those market and utilize themselves in those market. 3.2 Marketing in Johnson Johnson Marketing department in Johnson Johnson plays a crucial role in not only promoting its products but also in maintaining its brand name. Johnson Johnson has emphazised four marketing mix as the following: Product Basically, Johnson Johnson has three main products categories including Pharmaticeutical, Medical Device Diagnostic, and Consumer Healthcare. Some of the products are Feminine hygiene, Denture care, First aid, Family planning, Nutritionals, Diabetes care, Allergy cold and flu treatment, and Womens Health. Price Johnson Johson attempt to keep their net price increases for healthcare products within the consumer price index in United Stated. Consequently, the company has cooperated with the goverment to develop differential pricing approach so that people are helped to access their medical products. Place Johnson Johnson product can be found in wholesale companies like Over the Counter Wholesale.com, WUZ Group, and ShopatHome.com. Its products can also be bought in retail outlet. Promotion Johnson Johnson has engaged in advertising campaigns which encourage healthy lifestyles. For example: The Campaign for Nursings Future, Having a Baby Changes Things, and Because We Care We Act (China). Marketing Process Johnson and Johnson seek in approaching new products innovation and sometimes whole new businesses. Their goal is to capitalize on scientific invention, marketing insight and manufacturing expertise easily across the full range their businesses. 3.3 Management and Human Resource policies and approaches in Johnson Johnson Human Resource Management plays a unique role in attracting workers and maintaining the employees in a well-manner in the company. Johnson Johnson has approximately 115 000 employees around the world. Healthy and mental well being employees have become its policies in the company. Johnson Johnson has offered flexible work arrangements over the years. Johnson Johnson believes that flexibility is important to attract many talented employees to work and being loyal with the company, so that it will benefited the company as well as the worker could balance their work and life. Flexible arrangements include flextime hours, telecommuting, remote work, occasional flexibility, a compressed work week, summer hours, and part-time work or job sharing. Johnson Johnson also believes that it is important for the company to be succeeded by attracting, developing, and retaining a base of employees that reflects the diversity of its customers. Furthermore, Johnson Johnson has implement its philosophy which is known as Credo as a guidance in its business. A Credo (appendix 2) is a set of values that have provided a strategic and moral scope for Johnson Johnson generation of leaders and employees. Johnson Johnson has also providing variety of programs for its employees such as Employee Assistant Program which designed to give employees access counseling, assessment, intervention and training. 3.4 IT and Information System in Johnson Johnson IT and information system helps in facilitating the operation of Johnson Johnson. The development of IT has brought the organization to operate more efficient and effective. Johnson Johnson was known for having registered many high profiles domain. Johnson Johnson has established Corporate Office of Science and Technology (COSAT) which enable people or innovators to share their ideas with the company, seeks out scientific breakthroughs and explore the technologies. The ideas then will be identified and the incorporation of those technologies will be facilitated into Johnson Johnson Family of Companies. 4. Conclusion After through the facts in this report, it can be seen that a good structure in organization is the fundamental to the well-operates of Johnson Johnson. The human resource management and marketing department also contribute to the success of the organization. It is look into how these departments manage their resources and their approaches to attain the organizational goals and objectives. Besides that, the utilization on the recent technology by the organization is the added value to enhance the operation and put the organization in the competitive position.

Shifting Views on Native Americans in the Film, Dances With Wolves :: Movie Film Essays

Shifting Views on Native Americans in the Film, Dances With Wolves A wounded soldier lay on an operation table. The scene is surely not that unusual. 150 years ago, the medical field dealt with gangrene and infections by amputating any wounded limb. Now John Dunbar finds himself in almost the same situation. On a stroke of luck, as it would turn out, the doctor feels to tired to complete the operation on Dunbar and decides to finish for the day before taking his leg off. In the moments that followed, a frustrated, confused and disillusioned Dunbar pulls his boots back on and stumbles back onto the battle field. Feeling like there is nothing left to live for, Dunbar mounts a horse and charges the stagnant enemy line, bringing the battle to full fledged combat. Though his original intent I feel was not to start the battle, but rather to end his life, he becomes a hero, seeing that he wasn't shot or wounded. His cowardly actions in a twist of fate, ironically landed him as a decorated soldier. Due to his position, Dunbar was given the option to go where ever he wanted. This was a customary option for war hero's of his time. Being the romantic type, as depicted in the film, he requested to be sent out west to become a US marshal. He felt a calling to see the Old West before it was gone. Upon his assigning to his post, it was understood that he was an Indian hunter. So, he was sent to a completely unmanned post in the west. Here is confronting with an interesting sequencing of events that would eternally change his life. The American Indians, in the eyes of virtually everyone moving west, were considered the enemy. I didn't get the impression that Dunbar or his traveling counterpart felt any differently as they the stopped and carefully and with concern, inspected a human skeleton with arrows in it. I also couldn't help but feel some comradery with them. Moments later, a band of Indians notice a cloud of smoke rising in the distance. We see the paint and the scowls on their faces. They look like everything I've ever thought to be Indian. Savage, heartless, rough, mean and having no concept of rational. And sure enough, as the film would lead me to believe, the horrid Indian descends into the plains to find a white traveler cooking a meal.

Critical Review: Bradley A. Thayer, Bring in Darwin: Evolutionary theor

In Thayer’s article, he makes an attempt to incorporate Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory into the international security studies. The article tries to answer a central question that what are the implications of Evolutionary theory to realist theory of international security and in what way can peace be achieved if warfare is part of human nature? This paper agrees with Thayer that Evolutionary theory provides a scientific theory foundation for realism and is an ultimate cause for war and ethnic conflicts, as well as the assumption that origin of war is intrinsic in human nature as part of their evolution history. This paper will also suggest that a balanced structure of the world could contribute to temporary peace. But it need to be noted that the theory is also limited since Evolution theory could not fully explain many other forms of security problems like civil wars and terrorism. To review Thayer’s article, first, the paper will briefly explain how Evolutionary theory act as an ultimate cause for realist theory in terms of two human traits: egoism and domination. Following that, the paper will discuss the implications of Evolutionary theory to international relations. This paper will also evaluate the theory by comparing it with Waltz’s and Gleditsch’s theory on peace and war. Finally, it will conclude the paper by summarizing main points. Thayer seeks to understand Evolutionary theory as the ultimate cause of realism. In Evolutionary theory, humans like other animals have to evolve to survive and reproduce from natural selection, which develops two basic human traits: egoism and dominance (Thayer, 2000, p.130). In order to survive and for fitness, an organism tends to places its security over the others and according to Evoluti... ...dens the understanding of international relations and correspondingly broadens the understanding of security. Built on Thayer’s and Waltz’s theory, the paper suggests that structure of the international system is central to international security and to achieve peace, suitable strategies are necessary to balance the power relations. While it should not be ignored that the Evolution theory still falls within realism realm with many other forms of complex security problems unexplained. Reference: Gleditsch, N. P. (1999). Peace and democracy. Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, 2, 643-652. Thayer, B. A. (2000). Bring to darwin: evolutionary theory, realism and international relations. International Security, 25(2), 124-151. Waltz, K. N. (1988). The origins of war in neorealist theory. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVIII(4), 615-628.

The Strengths and Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach in Explainin

The aim of this essay is to describe and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the behaviourist approach in terms of ability to explain behaviour. This essay will briefly outline the historical development of the behaviourist approach and include psychologists ranging from Watson to Bandura. This essay will describe in detail the different perspectives held within behaviourism from classical conditioning to the social learning theory and discuss the strengths and weakness surrounding these theories. The idea of Behaviourism dates back to Descartes. Descartes was a philosopher that introduced the mind and body debate, he believed that the mind and body were two separate existences that casually interacted with each other, he named this his theory of interactive dualism however the idea of behaviourism didn’t derive from just this one point. Theories on the mind and body originated from as far back as Plato and Aristotle. (Gentile 2008) Another contributor to the idea of the behaviourism approach was John Locke with his belief that all humans are born with ‘tabular Rasa’ a blank state. Locke believed that the mind at birth had no innate conceptions and that all behaviour is learnt from the environment. Locke wanted to validate his nurture belief so employed empirical methods of research. All these different theories helped Behaviourism come into a discipline in its own right from the twentieth century onwards (Gentile 2008) The behaviourist approach is somewhat different to the other approaches in Psychology as the main focus is on the external environmental factors and the effect these have on behaviour. Behaviourists believe that People have no free will and that a person’s environment determines their behaviour and that psy... ...lots of contrasting views surrounding the behaviourist approach and the explanations it gives for explaining behaviour however it can be said that behaviourism has made great contributions to a better understanding of behaviour. Works Cited Flannagan,C (1997) A Level Psychology.London: Letts Educational Gentile,B and Miller,B (2008) Foundations of Psychological Thought: A History of Psychology.Los Angeles :Sage Publications Ltd Glassman,W and Hadan,M (2004) Approaches to Psychology.4Ed.Berkshire:Open university Press. R,Gross 2004 Key studies in psychology.3Ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Gross,R (2009)Psychology. The science of mind and behaviour. 5ed.Oxford:Hodder and Stoughton Moxon,D and Brewer,K.(2003) Heinemann Psychology.Oxford:Educational Publishers Roth,I (2000) Introduction to Psychology.Glasgow:Bath Press Colour books.

A Character Study of J. Alfred Prufock

J. Alfred Prufock, the character in T.S. Eliot’s poem ‘The Love Song Of   J. Alfred Prufock’ is clearly portrayed in the poem as someone with a fleeting, flimsy personality, one who has a problem with self-esteem, and one who cannot take decisive action.The poem begins with a sweeping vista of frustration, â€Å"Let us go then, / you and I, /When the evening is spread out against the sky  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   / Like a patient etherised upon a table;† (1-3) setting the tone for the entire poem where the tone goes progressively miserable on the part of Prufock.Appropriately, this particular opening for the poem sets the stage for the character who goes through various situations and seems to be going around in circles or going back to ‘square one’ or is actually unable to progress in his character as illustrated by the refrain, â€Å"Let us go and make our visit. / In the room the women come and go / Talking of Michelangelo.† (12-14)   These lines are repeated numerous times throughout the poem usually after a series of narrations by the character focusing on what he has to go through.The previously mentioned sweeping vista of frustration also progresses as Prufock reveals more in the poem – unfortunately, there is no progress with the character as he consistently drags himself down, even to the bottom of the sea, in the end of the poem, â€Å"We have lingered in the chambers of the sea / By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown / Till human voices wake us, and we drown.† (129-131), indicating his inability to rise above the situation and merely succumb to the consequences of other people’s actions.Prufock, in the poem, manifests his fleeting, flimsy personality in many passages, like in the passage, â€Å"And time yet for a hundred indecisions, / And for a hundred visions and revisions,† (32-33), and in the repetition of the phrases, â€Å"There will be time, there will be timeâ₠¬ ¦There will be time†¦And time†¦Time for† (26,28-31)   Someone with the personality as indicated by these lines waits and expects for indecision to set in and cannot make up his mind as indicated by the phrase ‘visions and revisions’. (33)   In the same manner, the repetition of the ‘time’ phrases illustrates how Prufock allows time to pass him by in that instead of making time for things that he needs to do, he simply waits for time to come, and instead of grasping opportunity, remains passive.Prufock’s self-esteem problem is as well indicated by many lines that show how he feels about himself, foremost by his reference to his balding, â€Å"Time to turn back and descend the stair,   / With a bald spot in the middle of my hair – / [They will say: â€Å"How his hair is growing thin!†]† (39-41)Hair is a symbol of virility, and in these lines Prufock shows unsure he is of himself with the phrase ‘turn b ack’ (39) where he decides to go back down the stairs and hold his ground instead of moving up, because as shown in his internal thoughts, in the last bracketed line, he feels that people will be talking about his lack of virility.Prufock here illustrates his inability to cope with society in that he is quite concerned about what other people will say about him.   This lack of confidence and self-esteem is again validated when Profock talks about how he should make a decision, â€Å"And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, / When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, / Then how should I begin / To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?† (57-60)Here, he clearly shows how indecisive he can be, that even when he is in a situation that calls for drastic and immediate action, he resorts to slinking back and considering what he has done wrong, instead of considering what he can do right; ‘spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?† (60)Final ly, the very main train of Prufock in the poem that dominates the entire piece is his abject indecisiveness – while the whole poem takes this as its main subject matter, there are very detailed indications as to this particular trait of Prufock.   For instance, in the passage, â€Å"And how should I presume?†¦ And should I then presume? / And how should I begin?† (61, 68-69)More than this obvious indecision of the man when exposed to women is his deeper dilemma with what to do with himself, in the lines, â€Å"Though I have seen my head [grown slightly bald] brought in upon a platter / I am no prophet—and here’s no great matter; / I have seen the moment of my greatness flicker,† (82-84) These lines do not only show that Prufock is terribly indecisive, but it shows as well that because of his indecisiveness he had let opportunities pass to the point of regret and self-pity.The characterization of Prufock in the poem gave rise to what is known as Prufockian paralysis which is a personality type that is characterized by extreme self-pity, fleeting thought, severe loss of self-esteem, and serious indecisiveness to the point of corruption of the individual himself.   T.S. Elliot, in this poem, very accurately portrayed these traits in his character, Prufock, and created a living, breathing symbol of male indecision.

Costco vs. Sam’s Club vs. Bj’s Wholesale Case Study

Section 3 – SWOT Analysis Costco vs. Sam’s Club & BJ’s Wholesale Strengths 1. Costco sells top-quality merchandise at prices consistently below what other wholesalers or retailers charge 2. Substantially lower operating and costs than most retailers because they purchase full truckloads of merchandise directly from manufacturers and display items on pallets or inexpensive shelving/kept extra inventory on high shelving directly on the sales floor rather than in central warehouses 3.Comparatively low costs for store decor and fixtures as well as labor costs since they are open fewer hours than conventional retailers, and therefore require fewer people to operate relative to the sales volume that a store generates 4. Costco caps the margins on brand-name merchandise at 14% and their private-label items at 15%, about 20% below comparable name-brand items Weaknesses 1. Memberships are more expensive ($50 vs. $35 at Sam’s and $45 at BJ’s) 2.Costco has few er stores in the United States and worldwide than Sam’s Club, making their name less known 3. Without revenues from membership fees, Costco’s profits would be miniscule due to its strategy of capping the margins on branded goods 4. Criticized for going all out to please customers at the expense of charging prices that would increase profits for shareholders Opportunities 1. Implement aisle markers, express checkout lanes, self-checkout lanes, and low-cost video-based sales aids as BJ’s does 2.Differentiate products in price categories – good, deluxe, and luxury (BJ’s method) 3. Begin accepting manufacturer’s coupons (BJ’s method) 4. Stock a broader product assortment to appeal to larger clientele Threats 1. BJ’s Wholesale Club locations are clustered in order to benefit from greater name recognition and maximize the efficiencies of management support, distribution, and marketing activities; therefore, it is harder for Costco to market itself in areas where BJ’s locations are predominant (especially New England, where it was started) 2.Extended store hours offered by Sam’s Club and BJ’s are hard to compete with 3. BJ’s uses one-day passes to introduce non-members to its club and in the spring/fall runs free trial membership promotions to draw new customer base – takes away from Costco’s 4. Detailed POS data enables BJ’s managers and buying staff to track changes in members’ buying behavior so they can target markets and keep customers loyal to their warehouse only

How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life?

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the father of psychodynamic therapy. His work built upon what had been done by Brewer before him. One of his patients Anna O labelled his method as being ‘the talking cure'*. During this essay I shall briefly explain Freud's main theories on the human personality and then examine how these can help me to understand and change my life. * An Introduction To Counselling. P80 Freud believed the human psyche is divided into three areas the conscious, preconscious and unconscious*. In the unconscious exists the Id. This is the instinctual life force within us. Two forces are at work within the Id, Eros a drive for love and Thanatos a drive for destruction**. In our day-to-day lives we are unaware of the effects our Id has upon us, Freud argues that hidden forces from the Id govern most of the things we want to do. The Id has no time dimension and memories trapped within it remain emotionally charged***. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 ** Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 *** Mastering Psychology. P242 The Ego helps to mediate between the Id and the outside world, known as the ‘reality principle'*. It is the part of ourselves, which enables us to fit into society. It takes on board social norms and lets the Id have its way when it will be practically possible and allowable by society. * Mastering Psychology. P242 From society and our parents we develop the Superego. This provides us with a ‘moral principle'*. It is basically the internalisation of parental and societal rules. The Superego is largely unconscious though we do become aware of certain thing when they move into the preconscious. * Mastering Psychology. P243 Through psychodynamic therapy I discovered that I had repressed many memories. I believe these were being stored in my unconscious. These memories were having a profound effect upon my life although I did not realise this at the time. I went through almost seven years of bullying when I was at school. When I left school and continued with my life I was always aware of this fact but I had lost many of the details over time and could not recall much about it. When I reached twenty years of age I developed clinical depression and had panic attacks. I was forced leave university with only six months left to completion. My home became my sanctuary and for a period of three months I did not leave it. Through many years of differing therapy I have begun to understand more about what happened within my mind to bring me to that point. The memories I had storied in my unconscious, though I was largely unaware of them, were distorting my view of the world. It was â€Å"frightening outside†; I could â€Å"get hurt if I left home†. These were not a realistic feeling about my current circumstances but were a reflection of the fears I had held during the time of my bullying. I was extremely depressed because I felt â€Å"useless†, â€Å"ugly† and that my life was â€Å"pointless†. Again I now feel that these thoughts grew from trapped memories. I had been called many names whilst at school; I had been treated very badly facing physical harm on a daily basis. I was treated as an outcast by nearly everyone; I was spat at, ignored, teased and put down. During therapy I began to see in my mind a monster. It was black with red eyes. I had often had nightmares involving such a creature. Freud regarded dreams as â€Å"the royal road to the unconscious†*. He placed great emphasis upon analysing them, and along with free association dreams became the centre of his psychoanalysis methods. Freud believed that dreams where a sign of the unconscious mind at work and proof that his theories were correct. * Freud – A Beginners Guide p25 & p57 Over time I realised that this monster contained all of the negative emotions other people had placed onto me. Even seven years after the bullying stopped this monster was still telling me I was useless and ugly and deserved no more than to be beaten up. Through therapy memories slowly began to emerge from out of the unconscious. It was very painful at first as the strength of feeling contained in the memories was so strong. Overtime these feelings have weakened, I still believe there are some buried memories but many have now risen out of my Id and have been largely dealt with in my conscious. I don't believe the monster has gone but I seem to have taken much of its power away. I believe my Ego is caught up in this tangled web as well. I feel that while I was at school I may have internalised some of the negatives messages into my Ego. In some ways my Ego stopped looking after me. Through psychodynamic therapy I have begun to rebuild my Ego almost teaching it that the things that happened to me were not my fault and that I do deserve to be looked after by myself, through my Ego. Freud divided a child's life into a number of differing developmental stages. Stage one is the oral phase*. Normally occurring between being born and around two years of age. It involves a discovery of your world and surroundings through the use of your mouth. Sucking to feed provides both nutrients and closeness with mother. Any available object will be tested by being placed in the mouth and explored that way. Mastering Psychology. P247, Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, An Introduction To Counselling. P81 Personally I have no memories of this period in my own life. It is thought though that people sometimes fall back into child like behaviour to receive comfort from these things. I smoke and therefore enjoy the aspect of putting a cigarette in my mouth and sucking it tending to do this most when stressed. Some people argue this is regressive behaviour and links back into my oral stage. The second stage occurs between the ages of two to four. Called the Anal Stage* it is the period when a child discovers that he/she produces faeces. Apparently the child then experiments with control. Being able to both let go and hold on to the faeces. Freud argued that if parents handle this stage of development badly a child could become afraid of letting go of things as they grew older or overly controlling. Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, Mastering Psychology. P247 The phallic stage* develops between the ages of four to seven. Freud argued that the genitals become the main interest or focus to the child during this period. It is also during this time that the Superego develops. This is the time when Freud's infamous Oedipus* and Electra Complexes* are said to occur. Teach Yourself Counselling. P124. Mastering Psychology. P247 Little boys will fall in love with their mother and girls with their father. Girls will develop penis envy and hate their mother for not giving them one. Boys will hate their father believing that he wishes to castrate them and stop them being with their mother. After this latency will set in, this period is believed to be the best time for children to learn. Then puberty starts and Freud believed that the whole process repeats itself thus enabling any damage incurred during the first time round to be repaired. I can imagine that during puberty these processes had a difficult time repairing any damage to me, as it was during this time that I was being bullied. I can't directly link any of this to the three stages but from experience I know that damage done during this time is far more difficult to deal with than damage done later in life when the personality is fully formed. In this final stage of the essay I shall examine four of Freud's ideas on how the mind copes with experiences it does not want to deal with, these are called defences. Freud listed over twenty-five differing defences created by the mind to protect itself. The first one I shall look at is repression. Repression is when memories are hidden in the unconscious. The Ego may not have been able to cope with the events attached to the memory and so stored them away where the person could not access them. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P183/184. Mastering Psychology. P245. This is sometimes known as Ego Censorship*. Personally this is one defence I feel I have had a lot of experience with. Most of my time at school was somehow lost. My two best friends, who were at school with me, would talk about fellow students, teaches and events involving the three of us and I would have no recollection what so ever of what they were talking about. * Counselling course class notes Many of the things that happened to me I only began to remember after they spoke about them. It was very strange, almost as if they were talking about people and places I had never been. It was quite a disconcerting experience. The experience would come into my conscious at sometimes though. Through dreams certain memories would come alive. If I was extremely depressed suddenly a dam would break and a flood of bad memories would pour on top of me and yet the next day I would not be able to recall what they were. Another defence is regression*. This is the idea that people sometimes return to behaviour linked with the developmental stages. This can involve many things including crying, taking to ones bed or comfort eating. As I said earlier smoking is also connected with this as it is seen as an oral behaviour. It is noticeable that many people including myself smoke far more when stressed. * An Introduction To Counselling. P84. Teach Yourself Counselling. P183. I do recall, at the time of my worst depression that I took to my bed, often lying in the foetal position and crying. It was comforting in some way. As if I was safer lying in my bed than having to be in the world outside. It reminds me of the time when at night I suddenly feel scared in the dark on the way back from the bathroom but I know when I get into bed and covered up again I will be quite safe. It is also quite possible from personal experience to deny painful events. Denial* is a term, which has become very mainstream; he or she is in denial. Looking back on my life I can see a number of times when I was living in denial. One of my partners who I was with for about six months was patently not for me. I knew this deep down but did not want to be alone and so I denied it. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179. I continued in the relationship feeling more and more unhappy though not allowing myself to see the real reason, which I did actually know. Eventually the other person ended it and I was forced to deal with life without that partner. It did not take long to realise that I was much happier without them than I was with them but I had not allowed myself to see any possibility of a happy life without them in it. I think everyone has been guilty of displacement at one time in his or her life. Displacement* is when a person replaces the true object of their emotions with another. If someone is angry they may kick a door instead of kicking the person they are angry with. In a sense this defence can be seen as a very positive thing. The Ego allowing aggression out where it will do less harm all round. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179/180 So during this essay I have briefly examined some of Freud's theories on human development and growth and thought about how these theories can help me to see my life in a different way. In some cases they already have as I have done psychodynamic therapy for some time now. Other areas of his theories leave me slightly baffled and cold, as they strike no resonance with me, though it may be argued that that's because I don't want them to.

Effects of Computer Games

Statement of the Problem This statement will seek answer on the following programs: 1. What is the profile of the Criminology students in terms of: a. Age b. Gender c. Year level 2. What are the Effects of Computer Games in terms of: a. Lack of Socialization b. Personality Changes c. Hyperactive Learning Disorders 3. What are the Level of Performance of Criminology Students in terms of: a. Classroom Interaction b. Psychological/Emotional Awareness c. Problem Solving and Written Exams 4.Are there significant relationships between Effects of Computer Games and the Level of Performance of Criminology Students? Theoretical Theory Social Responsibility Theory Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a big responsibility to society at large. This responsibility can be â€Å"negative†, meaning there is exemption from blame or liability, or it can be â€Å"positive†, meaning there is a responsibility to act beneficently.This theory is a good basis of the study because students not only spending excessive time playing computer games but they need to consider also their responsibility as a students and their satisfaction with their co-students living in the real world. Critical Theory Critical Theory has a narrow and a broad meaning in philosophy and in the history of the social sciences. â€Å"Critical Theory† in the narrow sense designates several generations of German philosophers and social theorists in the Western European Marxist tradition known as the Frankfurt School.According to these theorists, a â€Å"critical† theory may be distinguished from a â€Å"traditional† theory according to a specific practical purpose: a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, â€Å"to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them† (Horkheimer 1982, 244). Because such theories aim to explain and transform all the circumstances that enslave human beings, many â€Å"critical theories† in the broader sense have been developed.They have emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimensions of the domination of human beings in modern societies. In both the broad and the narrow senses, however, a critical theory provides the descriptive and normative bases for social inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and increasing freedom in all their forms. Based on the concept of the research, this theory can relate to the study through applying a critical analysis to know the effects of computer games in the criminology students of MinSCAT Bongabong Campus. Conceptual Framework Fig. 1:Statement of the Hypothesis The Effects of Computer Games has no significant relationship to its level of performance of criminology students in social interaction, psychological behavior, and problem solving. Significance of the Study To the Students, this study aims t o provide information with regards to the effects of computer gaming. To the Professor, for them to have deeper understanding of the effects of computer gaming. To the Readers, awareness of the effects of computer gaming. And also the future researcher who will do research on the related topic will have a background on this study.Scope and Limitations This is limited to the students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. This paper was conducted during the year 2012 and the information’s gathered were limited to Bongabong Oriental Mindoro. This study focuses on the Effects of Computer Games including Lack of socialization, Personality Changes, and Hyperactive of Learning’s disorder that will be measured to its level of performance of criminology students through social interaction, psychological behavior, and problem solving. Chapter II The Review of Related Literature and StudiesThis chapter reviews the work of research workers on problems closely related to the present study. Fore ign Literature Lepper, M. R. & Gurtner, J (2000), states that prolonged and excessive use of these games can cause, mainly upon children, a number of physical and psychological problems which may include obsessive, addictive behavior, dehumanization of the player, desensitizing of feelings, personality changes, hyperactivity learning disorders, premature maturing of children, psychomotor disorders, health problems (due to lack of exercise & tendonitis), Development of anti-social behavior and loss of free thinking & will.Anderson and Bushman (2001), found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there appear to be five consistent results of playing games with violent contents. Playing violent games increase aggressive behaviors’, increases aggressive cognitions, increases aggressive emotions, increases physiological arousal, and decreases pro-social behaviours. Since most electronic games are vio lent, children below legal ages are emotionally disturbed and caused several changes on their behavior.Austin, Pinkleton & Fujioka (2000), quoted that â€Å"parental meditation is correlated with better academic performance. And has been shown to increase beliefs in social norms, and to decrease fear. † This refers to the parental consent of the player astheyplayaviolent-orientedgame. Gentile & Walsh (2002), wherein 55% of parents said that â€Å"always† or â€Å"often† should parents put limits on the amount of the time their children may play computer and video games, and 40% said they â€Å"always† or â€Å"often† check the video game rating before allowing their children to buy or rent computer or video games.Even through these numbers are not particularly high, they may overestimate the amount of parental monitoring of children’s video game play. Foreign Study From the time computer games made their way into family homes, parents have w ondered if violent video games may negatively affect children and teenagers. Today, parents still worry about the effects of violent computer games and of course it also remains a popular topic for the media.However, with a growing number of children and teens spending excessive time playing computer games, perhaps parents should be more worried about teenagers addicted to computer games than the effects of violentvideogames. An examination of the literature reveals that those who study video game addiction sometimes disagree on the proportion of children and teenagers addicted to computer games. However, the majority of studies suggest that approximately 5 to 10% of youth who play computer games become addicted.Compared to other psychological difficulties (such as depression and anxiety), teenage computer game addiction is obviously a relatively new problem faced by families. As such, parents may lack accurate and/or helpful information on the signs of computer game addiction, the risk factors for video game addiction, and strategies for helping teenagers addicted to computer games after the problem develops. As more therapists work with teenagers addicted to computer ames and more researchers study the problem, they are becoming better at detecting the signs of addiction, testing for video game addiction, and offering help to parents with teenagers addicted to computer games. Still, there is much confusion about exactly what computer game addiction is and how parents can help a teenager who seems far more interested in playing in a virtual world than living in the real world. Local Literature According to Josh Kearney, Online game addiction is caused by the constant updates and the never ending game play; this is solved by limiting online game downloads to one at a time.The problem with online game addiction is that it is distracting children and young adults from their needs. Online gaming distracts people from food, sleep, and schoolwork. Although certain people are able to control themselves, there are people who can’t. These people will play for hours on end, numbing them mind to the point where they can only think about game play. The cause of this is the fact that a person go on playing forever. To add onto this there are constant updates that once the hype a one dies down; a new one is introduced to build anticipation.Joshua Smyth, associate professor of psychology in The College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University, recently conducted a randomized trial study of college students contrasting the effects of playing online socially interconnected video games with more traditional single-player or arcade-style games. Smyth’s research found that online, socially integrated multiplayer games create greater negative consequences (decreased health, well-being, sleep, socialization and academic work). This proves my point that although these games can be fun, they can also be very dangerous.There, although, is a sol ution to this. As to most problems there is a solution. The solution to this problem is to limit the amount of games one person can place on a computer. This would be done simply by analyzing the key components of an online MMORPG. By doing this you can train computers to detect these qualities. After doing so, it would be possible to make the computer limit how many of these games are downloaded. There are also certain problems with this. http://www. papercamp. com Local StudiesBased on the previous research, the computer has also disadvantages aside from the fact that it provides the students information’s and other features. In that research they conclude many students spent more time playing rather than researching and doing other academic works. This is result to computer addiction. From these students, huge percentage of them is male. This shows that male students are more prone to be affected by computer disadvantages. The research goal is to inform the students about what computer can really do to them, how can it affects them and what it is that affects them.The researchers proved that the research made is really true and precise because they are also once addicted in using these so called computers (Justin Vista, Hienson Tan and Bryan Yaranon, 2009). Based on the related literature and studies stated in this research, all are significant because it serves as guidelines; gain more knowledge and additional information on how to distinguish the effects of computer games in the performance of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. Chapter III Research Methodology This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used and guide by the researcher to utilize in conducting this study.To find out the Level of performance of criminology students. Research Design The researcher will use correlation method of research to determine the difference between the perceptions of the respondents and the relation of the variables. Descriptive corr elation Method of Research is the process of descriptive research that goes beyond more gathering and tabulation of data. It involves an element of interpretation of the meaning of the significant relationship described. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are the students of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong.MINSCAT have total population of criminology students of 205. Sample respondents will be computed on the Slovin’s Formula. (See Appendix __ for the List of Respondents) Formula: N= __N__ 1+Ne2 Where: n= Sample size N= Population size e= Percentage Research Instrument The study will use questionnaire by the researcher in gathering data and employed methods like interview, browsing in the internet and collecting data and information in the books and newspaper. Data Gathering Tools A set of procedures guided the researchers in gathering all pertinent data that will be needed in this research.First, a letter of request noted by the research advis er was sent to the Dean’s Office of MiNSCAT in Bongabong namely Edna G. Piol for permission to distribute the questionnaire. Second, the formal administrative of the questionnaires comprised all the directions in answering the questionnaire will be properly explained. Finally, the data will be sorted, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the most applicable technique in research. Scaling and Quantification A five point numerical with five (5) as the highest and one (1) as the lowest was used.Each numerical scale had the corresponding statistical limits and verbal description presented in table 2 below. Table 2 Scaling and Quantification Numerical Scale Statistical Limits Verbal Description 5 4. 50-5. 00 Everyday 4 3. 50-4. 49 Always 3 2. 50-3. 49 Often 2 1. 50-2. 49 Sometimes 1 1. 00-1. 49 Not at all Table 3 Reliability of Questionnaire To assure that all item are reliable, a test and re-test method will be use by researchers. TEST AND RETEST RESULT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES RELIABILITYDESCRIPTION Lack of Socialization0. 8454170Reliable Personal Changes0. 9827526ReliableHyperactivity learning Disorder0. 8460318Reliable DEPENDENT VARIABLES Social Interaction0. 7231594Reliable Psychological / emotional awareness0. 6673800Reliable Problem Solving/ written exams0. 6676692Reliable Level of Significance=5%df=8Critical r-value=0. 632 The computed r-values exceed the critical r-value 0. 632 with 8 as the degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the questionnaire is reliable. Ten respondents for post-test and another ten respondents for pre-test other than 25 respondents were requested to answer the same set of questionnaire.Responses were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the Pearson’s Movement Correlation. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This Chapter presents the results of the research along with analysis, interpretation based on the statement of the problem. Table 4 Mean Perception of the respondent s on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Lack of Socialization PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot socialize with other students. 3. 724OFTEN 2. I don’t have interest with other people. 3. 842OFTEN 3. I cannot established good relationship with my classmate. . 803OFTEN 4. I am not open with my parent’s parental guidance. 4. 24 1OFTEN MEAN3. 90OFTEN Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Lack of Socialization. This table shows items 1-5 with the verbal description of often as the first rank, I am not open with my parent’s parental guidance. Second, I don’t have interest with other people. Third, I cannot establish good relationship with my classmate. And lastly, I cannot socialize with other students. The overall mean calculated is 3. 90 which are described as often.This means that computer gaming really affects the relationship of the teenage to the people surrou nds them particularly to their parents that may lead to lack of parental guidance. Table 5 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Personality Changes PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. Moody3. 042SELDOM 2. Childish3. 881OFTEN 3. Health Awareness2. 84SELDOM 4. Physical Awareness2. 843SELDOM MEAN3. 14SELDOM Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Personality changes.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom as the first rank, Childish. Second, Moody. Third, Physical Awareness. And lastly, Health Awareness. The overall mean calculated is 3. 14 which are described as seldom. This means that computer gaming affects the respondents in terms of physical, mental and emotional such as changes in mood and lack of awareness. Table 6 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder PRODUCTSM EANRANKVerbal Description 1. Addictive in computer games. . 361OFTEN 2. Obsessive in computer games. 2. 924SELDOM 3. Lack of thinking. 4. 082OFTEN 4. Lack of learning. 3. 883OFTEN MEAN3. 81OFTEN Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, Addictive in computer games. Second, Lack of thinking. Third, Lack of learning. And lastly, Obsessive in computer games. The overall mean calculated is 3. 81 which are described as Often.This means that computer gaming affects the behavior of the respondents, like addictive and also they tend to have a lack of continuous learning’s. Table 7 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of social interaction. PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I did not attend school gathering. 3. 873OFTEN 2. I am not active in school activity. 2. 694SELDOM 3. I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. 4. 451OFTEN 4. I am not approachable with my co-students. 3. 882OFTEN MEAN3. 72OFTENTable  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Social Interaction. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. Second, I am not approachable with my co-students. Third, I did not attend school gathering. And lastly, I am not active in school activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 72 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Social Interaction.Table 8 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. P RODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I am not aware of the happiness around me. 2. 134RARELY 2. I don’t have interests on my study. 4. 321OFTEN 3. I neglect myself especially my hygiene. 3. 922OFTEN 4. I did not focus on my academic activities3. 683OFTEN MEAN3. 51OFTEN Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely and often as the first rank, I don’t have interests on my study. Second, I neglect myself especially my hygiene. Third, I did not focus on my academic activities. And lastly, I am not aware of the happiness around me. The overall mean calculated is 3. 51 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. Table 9 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Problem Solving/ Written Exams.PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot solve academic problem easily. 3. 162RARELY 2. I cannot do multitasking activity. 2. 924OFTEN 3. I cannot handle situation properly. 3. 083SELDOM 4. I am not quick in solving and I am inefficient. 3. 241SELDOM MEAN3. 10SELDOM Table  ¬Ã‚ ¬4: Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of PROBLEM Solving/ Written Exams. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely, seldom and often as the first rank, I am not quick in solving and I am unefficient.Second, I cannot solve academic problem easily. Third, I cannot handle situation properly. And lastly, I cannot do multitasking activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 10 which are described as Seldom. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a non-satisfactorily performance in their academic. Summar y Table of r and r2 the Effects of Computer Gaming in the Criminology Students of MBC IV Effects of Computer GamingDV Level of Performance of Criminology Students of MBC Social InteractionPsychological/ Emotional AwarenessProblem Solving/ Written Exams rrrLack of Socialization. 03-. 96. 87 Personality Changes. 32. 38. 87 Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. 52-. 84. 77 Critical r-value= . 195df=25significant level of 5% This table presents the r-values of the effects of computer gaming in the students of MBC through level of performance. Since the majority of computed r-value exceeded the critical r-value of . 195 with 25 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected which means that there is a significant relationship between the effects of computer gaming and the level of performance of criminology of MBC.It reveals that all the dependent and independent variables are significantly correlated with each other. Through calculations performed, t he researchers arrived at the ff. interpretations: The researchers interpreted that Lack of Socialization towards Social interaction has a very small positive correlation; high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness; and very high positive correlation.In terms of Personality Changes, it has a very small positive correlation towards social interaction; moderately small positive correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness; and very high positive correlation towards problem solving/ written exams. In terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder, it has high positive correlation towards Social Interaction; high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness; and high positive correlation towards Problem Solving/ Written Exams.